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Ruby-throated Hummingbird – Part One – SPRING ARRIVAL

Ruby-throated Hummingbird at Coral Honeysuckle

Surging north over a three-month period (from late February through early May), millions of Ruby-throated Hummingbirds depart their winter homes from southern Mexico to Costa Rica and northern Panama. They head north, reach the Yucatan Peninsula in Mexico, and brave the 500 mile-wide Gulf of Mexico water crossing.  If weather cooperates and they’re lucky and strong flyers, they reach the Gulf Coast (Texas, Louisiana, Alabama, Florida).  Refueling, they then head “back home” to where they were born, something known in the bird world as “site tenacity.”

Most years Ruby-throated Hummingbirds reach our southern New Jersey wildlife habitat around April 20th, but they don’t seem to settle in until the end of April or early May. This year (2026), the very first Cape May County, NJ, sightings were on April 4th in two different wildlife gardens.  The first NJ sighting was on March 31st in Galloway (Atlantic County).

Once I hear a whisper of the 1st hummingbird in NJ, I scramble to set up a few feeders for these northbound scouts.  Many keep going and do not stick around.  So little is in bloom right now, that they need all the help they can get.  Last night I made hummingbird feeder solution and this morning I put out 4 feeders.  I’ve watched them, off and on, all day.  I’ve had no hummingbird sightings in our wildlife habitat . . . yet.

Today the mystery of when Ruby-throated Hummingbirds will appear (and when we need to get our feeders hung) has been simplified.  Each spring you can monitor Ruby-throated Hummingbird migration north (AND enter your own sightings) on Hummingbird Central and on Journey North (when visiting, be sure you have selected this year’s map).  Check these two sites each spring when you begin to wonder when to expect your returning hummingbirds.

Male Ruby-throated Hummingbird on a HummZinger mini feeder

The Importance of Well-maintained Feeders

What many people do not realize is that, if you hope to attract nesting hummingbirds in the spring as they journey north, you need to place well-maintained feeders in your wildlife habitat. The reason is simple!  Our gardens are mostly dirt when hummingbirds first arrive in April, with little in the way of blooms and nectar.

Hummingbirds are looking for a secure source of food and will settle in when they find it. Feeders are just that. Of course you want to keep those feeders fresh like flower nectar, so be sure to clean your feeders at least once a week and refill them with fresh solution when temperatures are pleasant in early spring and late fall.  During periods of toasty-hot weather (which in recent years is all too often and most of the summer) clean and refill feeders every 2-3 days (as soon as the solution begins to look cloudy).

Now, knowing this, you can clearly see why you don’t want to purchase the biggest feeder you can find (or one that is tricky to take apart and clean), since you would be dumping un-used sugar water solution every few days.

The proper solution that is most like nectar in the wild is 1 part granulated white sugar (just like you put in your coffee) and 4 parts water. Oh, and don’t try to make your solution healthier by using raw sugar or honey. Both of these can be deadly to hummingbirds; honey and the iron in raw sugar can lead to a fatal fungus disease.  I mix a quart at a time and refrigerate the rest. I own 16 feeders so that I can take 8 clean and freshly refilled feeders out to replace the 8 I’m bringing in to clean.

A hummingbird’s long bill and even longer tongue easily extends to the bottom of a feeder

Right now, in the early spring (and also in late fall when hummingbird activity is low), I put just 2 ounces into each feeder; a hummingbird’s long tongue can easily reach the solution at the bottom of a feeder.  Later in the season, when activity peaks, I’ll fill the feeder to capacity (8 ounces).  Sugarcane fields have gobbled up so much important habitat that the last thing I want to do is toss 6-7 ounces of sugar water solution every time I clean and refill a feeder.

 

HummZinger mini (8-ounce) feeder

 My Favorite Hummingbird Feeder

My favorite feeder is the Classic HummZinger Mini 8-ounce feeder by Aspects. This feeder is incredibly well thought out (no surprise since Aspects tapped Sheri Williamson, hummingbird expert and author of the Peterson Field Guide to Hummingbirds of North America, as a consultant). This feeder is easy to clean (which is A MUST – ditch your artsy, hard-to-clean feeders), has a built in ant guard (just fill it with water and ants must go for a swim to reach the solution), the proper solution is written inside the lid  so you can not forget it (emphasizing NOT to use red dye), the design is NOT bee-friendly (bees can not get to the solution because they do not have long bills and tongues), and Aspects offers a Lifetime Guarantee (which I have taken them up on, even when a cracked lid or bowl is my fault).

Once hummingbirds have settled in I place eight feeders around our one-half acre habitat so that one bossy male can not defend all of them (and blooming perennials, trees, and shrubs), though he tries. Two hang from our front porch, one from the back porch, one out my office window, one outside our screened porch, one under the Coral Honeysuckle arbor, one at the back of our perennial garden, and one at the back of our woods.  With this many options a female has a better chance of setting up a territory of her own around one of the feeders and nesting somewhere near this secure source of food.

One feeder equates to one bossy male. Two feeders placed out of sight of each other may lure in two territorial males. Three feeders scattered around your habitat, some in the front yard and some in the backyard, may lure in a third hummingbird, hopefully a female who will chose to nest in your yard. It is great entertainment watching a male try to defend all of your feeders and wildflowers, but don’t make it too easy for him or he will be your sole hummingbird.

What few realize is that male Ruby-throated Hummingbirds do not share well with others, even their own “mate” and young. Once a male has mated with a female, he’s done — and off looking for the next available female. So, be sure to have plenty of food in the way of feeders and native trees, shrubs, vines, and perennials that bloom from early, early spring right up until frost.

Nectar (and the solution in feeders) is what powers and maintains a hummingbird’s incredibly high metabolism. Nectar is like a candy bar to a hummingbird, but who can live on candy bars alone? Their meat or protein comes from eating tiny, soft-bodied insects and spiders. So, a pollinator garden full of insects is like a supermarket to hungry hummingbirds.

In May

Our Coral Honeysuckle arbor, May 21, 2020

By mid-May, in my South Jersey garden, many spring perennials have kicked into high gear, so feeders are not the only show in town.  My arbor of lushly blooming Coral Honeysuckle, Lonicera sempervirens, is a hotbed of activity.  It blooms lushly in May then continues to bloom all summer and fall long, until the first frost (with fewer and fewer flowers as the year unfolds).

Wild Columbine, Aquilegia canadensis, has wandered all over my garden and woods much to my delight and that of hummingbirds.  In my garden it blooms from mid-April through May.  It is a heavy seed producer, so I collect the seeds once the flower heads dry and scatter them where I want new stands of this hummingbird favorite.

My old-fashioned Coral Bells, Heuchera spp., pull in hummingbirds too.

I’ve planted a Red Buckeye, Aesculus pavia, in my woods that the hummingbirds find irresistible.

Another hummingbird favorite in the early spring is the shade-loving Lyre-leaved Sage, Salvia lyrata.  It can be quite a seeder, so be careful to plant it where you’d like it to carpet the understory as it has in our woods, much to my delight!Highbush Blueberries and Azaleas are also good spring nectar plants for Ruby-throated Hummingbirds.

In June

Trumpet Creeper, a native vine that hummingbirds find Irresistible
Our sturdy Trumpet Creeper arbor

In mid-June through July, Trumpet Creeper (Campsis radicans), Bee Balm (Monarda didyma), Wild Bergamot (Monarda fistulosa), Foxglove Beardtongue (Penstemon digitalis), Garden Phlox (Phlox paniculata), and Blazing Star (Liatris spicata) all kick in as top hummingbird nectar plants in my garden. Trumpet Creeper, a native vine, can be trained up a dead tree or over a sturdy arbor. There’s nothing more fun than sitting under that arbor and blazing away with your camera as hummingbirds feed and perch, feed and perch, over your head.

Bee Balm is the plant that led me to wildlife gardening nearly fifty years ago now. It pulls in EVERYTHING, from hungry hummingbirds to hummingbird moths, butterflies, a multitude of bees and wasps, the works! Bee Balm or Monarda is in the mint family and will spread. If you have a patch, share some with a new wildlife gardener and help get them hooked.

With hummingbirds, there is so much to share about these little bundles of energy that I’ll return with additional information in a segment covering mid-summer to late fall.

We hate to see them go, but let’s not think about that right now.  After all it is spring and once they settle in, we will have a solid 5 months of hummingbird madness to enjoy.  

Happy gardening and happy hummers,
Pat

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Leave the Leaves

It is common sense to LEAVE THE LEAVES.  After all, no one rakes them up in the wild.  When we walk a nature trail through a natural area, we do not need to fight our way though mountains of leaves, do we ? !  “Let Nature be the Guide,” Larry Weaner‘s mantra, is spot on when it comes to leaving the leaves.

If you like birds, leaf litter is your friend.  Our leaf litter strewn property is a mecca for birds year round, including winter.  We’ve hosted several American Woodcock each winter.  No matter how severe the winter is, they’ve been able to probe down through our abundant leaf litter into the thawed ground under this thermal blanket of leaves and find one earthworm after the next.   Frozen hard, raked bare properties are devoid of feeding opportunities for American Woodcock or American Robins. Too, many normally secretive birds like Hermit Thrush settle in to our yard and are regulars in garden corners with abundant leaf litter.  It is great fun to watch them kick and toss leaves aside to find snack after snack.

I had great fun working on and researching this topic for a program that I’ve given a number of times now.  It has triggered so many “Ah HA!” moments from  audiences and I pray resulted in many more leaves left to do their job.

In this post I have shared the excellent resources that helped me and can help anyone and everyone understand the value of fallen leaves.  Read them, study up, digest the information, value and cherish fallen leaves as much as I do, and join those of us working to educate others.

First you’ll want to read Doug Tallamy’s book, The Nature of Oaks.  This book richly covers the benefits of oaks and all their leaf litter.  If you’ve never heard Doug Tallamy speak about this topic, attend a presentation or google “Doug Tallamy Youtube Nature of Oaks” and watch one of his presentations that occurred in your region.  Be sure to listen until the Q&A session when attendees ask the very questions on your mind, like “But, what am I to do with all my Oak leaves?”  “Won’t they kill my grass?”  etc.

My own woods have very few large oaks.  But since we cleared out the invasives (Multiflora Rose and Japanese Honeysuckle) in 2009, many many Southern Red Oaks and 5 Willow Oaks have been planted there by Blue Jays.  Some of these oaks are taller than me now.  I look forward to mountains of oak leaves as these oaks mature.   The deciduous trees and shrubs of my woods include Common Persimmon, Black Cherry, Black Locust, Black Walnut, Sweet Gum, Red Maple, Dwarf Hackberry, Winged Sumac, Arrowwood Viburnum.  These all produce abundant leaf litter, but their leaves break down quickly and by spring I see bare ground.  Doug Tallamy shares that oak leaves take longer than other leaves to break down (3 years) and that is why oak leaves are so beneficial and support so much life!

So, each fall between late October and mid November I carve out time to visit cul-de-sacs near me looking for mountains of oak leaves that have been raked neatly to the curb to be carted away like trash.  I take empty trash cans, a rake, and garden gloves.  I can fit 4 trash cans into my car.  Fall of 2025, in 6 runs I collected 24 trash cans of oak leaves.

I use these collected oak leaves to bury my woodland spring ephemeral areas with oak leaves.  Since I’ve been doing this I haven’t had to weed my woods in the spring.  My spring ephemerals easily bust through the leaves, while weeds can not.  Too, the many fall-blooming, shade-loving asters and goldenrods that I’ve planted  in my woods have flourished and spread.  It is a win win.

If you like this idea, be cautious and selective; i.e. collect leaves from yards with large oaks and do not collect leaves from yards with problematic invasives that you could be bringing in to your own yard via seed heads.

While you’re at it, read all 4 of Doug Tallamy’s books.  They will change the way you think and act !

Since Doug Tallamy’s first book, Bringing Nature Home, he has shared the top native plants used by butterflies and moths as host plants to create the next generation. Tallamy refers to these plants as the “Keystone Native Plants.”  He has partnered with many other organizations, like National Wildlife Federation, to share Keystone Native Plant information across the country.

For an annotated list of the Keystone Native Plants for your area, go to the National Wildlife Federation Garden for Wildlife website.  Here you’ll find ten different “Keystone Native Plants” Ecoregion handouts (as of November 2025), with others undoubtedly planned. This plant list should be the backbone of your plantings. If you live in southern New Jersey like me, scroll down to “Eastern Temperate Forests – Ecoregion 8″ (which covers nearly all of the East).

Oaks are the top Keystone Native Plant! Then Black Cherry and Beach Plum. Then Willows. Then Birch. And so on. These are the trees that are supporting many, many hundreds of butterfly and moth species. Value these trees and their fallen leaves.

You will have made your trees “Ecological Traps” if you instead rake up the leaves, bag them, and send them away (along with all the life they hold and support).

Heather Holm’s 3 books on pollinators of our native plants are beautifully illustrated and packed with natural history information, including where and how our pollinators survive the winter . . . many do so in leaf litter!

Visit Heather Holm’s website and click on the link “Resources” to see her many beautifully illustrated and presented native plant lists, pollinator fact sheets, and posters (many of which are free to download).  These materials will further help you understand life cycles of our pollinators and teach others!

Also on Heather Holm’s website, click on her project “Soft Landings.”  Soft Landings is all about leaving the leaves and planting layers of diverse native plants under Keystone trees and shrubs rather than maintaining lawn that needs to be mowed.  This simple switch to gardening under your keystone trees with shade-loving perennials and understory shrubs provides safe sites where the hundreds of species of butterflies and moths using these Keystone trees and shrubs might complete their life cycle and survive when their caterpillars drop to the forest floor to pupate down in the warmth and safety of the leaves.  The downloadable free poster, “Soft Landings” tells the story beautifully. It should convert kids of all ages (yes, I’m talking about big kids too . . . adults) to leave the leaves where they fall.

You’ll certainly want to read Max Ferlauto and Karin T. Burghardt’s enlightening, fact-filled study, “Removing autumn leaves in residential yards reduces the spring emergence of overwintering insects,” in Science of the Total Environment, March 20, 2025.  Among many other things, they documented that “raking leaves reduced Lepidoptera species (butterflies and moths) richness by 40 % and abundance by 45 %.   You’ll also want to listen to the Margaret Roach (“A Way to Garden”) interview with Max Ferlauto, “Calculating the impact of leaving the leaves.”  (many thanks to Garden Gang member, Carole Tebay, for alerting me to this study and Margaret Roach’s interview)

The Xerces Society’s post, “Leave the Leaves,” is an excellent read addressing those fallen leaves as “free mulch” and  helping to answer questions people have, like whether or not to shred their leaves.  The Xerces Society also sells a very attractive Leave the Leaves SIGN, that might help trigger conversations with neighbors, co-workers, friends, and family, conversations that might help them “get it!” and finally understand.

One more excellent resource to better understand why you want to leave the leaves is the booklet “Life in the Leaf Litter,” by Johnson and Catley, published by the American Museum of Natural History and available on their website as a free download.

Shade Gardening in Your Leaf Litter

Once you’ve read all these terrific resources about just how important leaf litter is, begin shade gardening in leafy spaces on your property . . . in under your trees and shrubs (rather than continue to mow these areas) or along a path through your woods.

Shade-loving perennials will color your leafy spaces in the early, early spring when spring ephemerals bloom and in the fall when the many shade-loving, fall-blooming perennials bloom.  Through the summer months the fall bloomers will add a lovely layer of green to your leafy areas.

To help you along your way with SHADE GARDENING, go to my resources on this topic and learn what has survived and thrived in my shady spaces.  Remember to use as many Keystone Native Plants as possible!

Now with all the time you have available because you are NOT raking your leaves  (nor bagging them up and sending them away), dive in to all this reading and help convert others to LEAVE THE LEAVES!

I thank you and wildlife (fireflies, bumble bees, so many butterflies & moths, etc.) thanks you!!!

As I mentioned, I have an information-rich program on this topic that is illustrated with beautiful photos of so much wildlife that benefits from abundant leaf litter.  If you’d like me to share it with your group via ZOOM, contact me by replying to one of my Garden Gang alerts.

If you have any comments, I’d love for you to be able to leave them in the “Comments” box at the end of the post. But unfortunately, that part of my website is no longer working.  Go Daddy just told me I needed to sign up for their $80/month “Word Press Premium Support” to resolve that.  Jeeeeeeeeeezzzzzzzzz . . . one more expense I can not afford.

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How to Create a No-Fuss Wildlife Pond

Hi Gang,

I am looking forward to sharing one of my favorite programs at the next meeting of the SE Chapter of the Native Plant Society of NJ on Monday, November 17th! Details follow:

The next meeting of the
Southeast Chapter of the
Native Plant Society of New Jersey
is coming up

WHEN: Monday, November 17, 2025
7:00 p.m.
(FREE: all are welcome, members & nonmembers)

“HOW TO CREATE A NO-FUSS WILDLIFE POND”
by Pat Sutton

WHERE: Stockton University
101 Vera King Farris Drive
Galloway, NJ 08205 (in Atlantic County)
Unified Science Center
Room 346 (on 3rd floor of Unified Science Center)
— same building, but one floor higher than this past spring & last fall —

ABOUT Pat’s PRESENTATION
“How to Create a No-Fuss Wildlife Pond” by Pat Sutton

Pat shares:  my two wildlife ponds have evolved these many years from a large hole where I laid a fancy-schmancy waterproof sheet / pond liner that within a few short years sprung a hole (and ended up as an “almost” bog) to the two pre-formed, kidney-shaped ponds I have and love today. I am sold on these pre-formed ponds because they are easy peasy to install, will last forever, and have provided me great joy and study opportunities. My presentation will walk folks through all the mishaps I’ve encountered and resolved, so hopefully I’ll spare new wildlife pond folks these same false steps.

Frogs, toads, and dragonflies all need freshwater ponds for egg laying to create future generations. Even a tiny pond will attract and support them. Learn what a true wildlife pond is and how simple it is to create – with no need for running water, filters, fish, and all the fuss. Pat Sutton will share the basics of how to create a wildlife pond and, even more importantly, how to maintain it so that wildlife benefits. Learn which native plants to add to the pond (and which problem plants to avoid). Don’t make the same mistake that others have made by creating a pond for exotic fish that supports little else. In a true wildlife pond, expect to attract and watch the amazing life cycle of huge Common Green Darner dragonflies or count a growing population of Leopard Frogs, Green Frogs, and Gray Treefrogs that find your pond as if by magic. Look forward to the child-like wonder and joy of looking for and finding young Gray Treefrogs that have emerged from your very own pond and taken up residence on insect-rich, native nectar plants in your garden! Create it and they will come!

Note:  Pat Sutton’s handout “How to Create a No-Fuss Wildlife Pond” can be found on her website HERE along with many of her other educational, native-plant-focused handouts.  Even if you can not attend Monday evening, this handout will help you greatly! 

* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *

Parking Tip: See the Stockton campus parking link below. The closest parking spots are in Lots #4 and #5, which share the same entry off Vera King Farris Drive, the main drive on campus. Parking Lot #5 is made easy to spot by the mural of two ospreys on the Sports Center wall.

Click HERE for Map & Directions to Parking for the Unified Science Building at Stockton’s Galloway Campus

Happy Wildlife Gardening,
Pat

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Hair Cuts Needed For Some Native Perennials

Hi Gang,

I was not in the garden much this spring due to an unexpected 5-day hospital stay.  Boy-oh-boy did the garden get ahead of me quick.  During a recent and rejuvenating stroll through I could see that the Groundhog (that has discovered our salad bar) has been busy.

It especially enjoys asters, but hasn’t been too selective nibbling on just about everything.  Hmmmmm, I wonder what the garden will look like this year?

If you don’t have a herd of rabbits or a Groundhog or hungry deer, this is the time of year to get out your clippers and give your asters and a few other fall-blooming perennials a HAIR CUT .  I cut back New England Aster, Common Blue Wood Aster, Smooth Blue Aster, and Tall Sunflower (my stands of White Wood Aster often do not need haircuts).

Why haircuts, you might ask?  It is quite simple.  If you want New England Asters and other fall-blooming perennials bushy and full of flowers when they bloom, they need haircuts now, otherwise by fall they will be so top heavy that they are likely to flop over from the weight of flowers on long, unbranched stalks.

Thirty plus years Karen Williams, owner of Flora for Fauna (native plant nursery), shared this sage advice with me about maintaining one of my favorite native perennials, New England Aster, and I’m about to share it with you.  Though this post is for folks with plants that are several years old and flourishing, not for brand, spanking new plants that have just been put into the ground this year.

NEW ENGLAND ASTER
2 HAIR CUTS: (roughly) Memorial Day & 4th of July

Blooming New England Aster is a magnet for Monarchs and other pollinators, here on October 2nd in my garden

New England Aster can get very tall and top heavy by the time it blooms in the fall. And the last thing any of us want is for its lovely spread of glowing purple flowers, nectar, and joy to be laying on the ground come fall.

To help it grow into a many-branched, bushy plant instead of a tall, gangly, top-heavy plant, all you need to do is to give it 2 hair cuts on or around the 1st two holidays of the growing season: Memorial Day and 4th of July. Of course these dates are not single-day events, but roughly when you want to give New England Aster its hair cuts.  Too, you can be the judge if you need to do your hair cuts earlier, or even if the 2nd haircut is needed.  Know that you can jump start the process by several weeks to a month some years!

As a wildlife gardener I don’t clean up and toss the cuttings, but instead leave them lay on the ground at the base of the plant.  That way any caterpillars that went for a tumble with the cuttings can climb back onto the plant and continue to munch.  Doug Tallamy (author of How Can I Help?, Bringing Nature Home, Nature’s Best Hope, and The Nature of Oaks) shares that 100 species of butterflies and moths lay their eggs on our native asters in this ecoregion, making asters one of the TOP Keystone Native  Plants used by butterflies and moths for egg laying.  Don’t be surprised if some of your cuttings take root and become additional asters!

New England Aster in need of its first haircut, otherwise this plant will certainly flop come the fall blooming period
New England Aster after its first haircut.  I cut a good foot or two off the top of each stem (hedge trimmers work great . . . no need to be fussy and cut stem-by-stem).
13 days later, the New England Aster is already branching heavily where each stem was cut.

Around Memorial Day, I cut each stem 1/2 (or 2/3) off (or about a foot or two off the top, depending on how tall it is, if that is easier for you to remember). I use big shears and just chop  away. What happens next is that each cut plant stem sends out 2 or more new shoots where it has been cut, in other words it branches and becomes more bushy!

E. Cottontail caught in the act of giving Common Blue Wood Asters a hair cut on May 28th one year

Some of my asters get regular haircuts  from plentiful E. Cottontails (they must think our yard is one large salad bowl crafted just for them).  I’ve planted the lovely fall-blooming, shade loving Common Blue Wood Aster, Symphyotrichum cordifolium, under our Tulip Tree and in our woods.  Despite hungry rabbits it has flourished and spread into other beds, our meadow, the perennial garden, and elsewhere and that pleases me.  It is so plentiful that it keeps the rabbits busy and away from most other asters.   We’ve fenced our yard, so deer are not an issue for us.  But other gardeners share that deer routinely give their asters hair cuts.  Our visiting Groundhog arrived in 2020 with the Pandemic.  It has been an “on again, off again” garden visitor, disappearing for months at a time only to return and appear quite at home . . . like this late April and May.

If needed, around 4th of July, I give my plants their 2nd hair cut (not back to the 1st cut, but cutting back some of the new growth since Memorial Day). You may want to be more creative for this hair cut and cut the many stems in your plant different lengths. For instance, give the stems in the foreground more of a hair cut, the stems in the middle less of a hair cut, and the stems in the back just a little hair cut. This way your plant stems will bloom at different heights.

You may find that some plants haven’t grown as tall as others, so you may choose to pass on the 2nd hair cut for some plants. If so, you’ll find that these plants will bloom earlier. This staggers the blooming period so that you have New England Aster nectar, color, and joy far longer in your wildlife garden.

Sutton fall gdn-w-sig
My garden on September 27th full of mounds of blooming asters, thanks to hair cuts earlier in the year.

A bit more advice: once given hair cuts, New England Aster has “ugly legs.” The stems below the 1st haircut look “not so nice” . . . the leaves darken and fall off and the stems are quite bare. So you’ll want to have other perennials in the foreground blocking that view, so you’re not looking at ugly bare legs.

You can give 1-2 haircuts to some other fall-blooming perennials that grow tall and flop, so they’ll instead branch and become more bushy:
Goldenrod
Sedum
Sunflower

I love Tall (or Giant) Sunflowers and so do the Monarchs when they are migrating through in the fall
But if I’ve forgotten to give Tall (or Giant) Sunflower the 2 haircuts, it can be a beast to prop up or tie up, and keep from falling over, as you can see
Seaside Goldenrod chopped back after its 1st haircut. As it continues to grow I often spot stems I missed, grab the clippers and take care of business

For some summer-blooming plants that grow too tall for your garden, you can give them one haircut around Memorial Day, forcing them to branch, become bushier, and bloom lower. I sometimes do this with some of my favorite summer nectar plants so that I have an easier time seeing and photographing pollinators on them:
Culver’s Root
Garden Phlox (I tried this for the 1st time in 2023)
Ironweed
Joe-pye-weed
Sneezeweed
Blue Vervain
various Bonesets

Culver’s Root responding to its haircut, branching nicely!
I gave the Culver’s Root stems in the foreground a haircut, but left the back stems untouched.  This way the untouched stems will bloom on time and the  branching stems (due to a haircut) will bloom a bit later, and so the plant will offer nectar for a longer period

You can always experiment on other fall-blooming perennials that have flopped in your garden. If you’re not sure how hair cuts will turn out on plants other than those I’ve mentioned, try giving a hair cut to one stem ONLY (or if you have several plants of Cut-leafed Coneflower, for example, in your garden, give one of them hair cuts so you can compare results with your uncut plants). Then see how your plant reacts and whether you like the results.

Don’t hesitate to ask a question, but please use the Comment Box at the end of this post, so others can benefit from your question and my answer.  Maybe scroll down through previous questions; you may find that your question is already answered.

Happy Wildlife Gardening,
Pat

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The Wildlife Gardener is BACK

Hi Gang,

I am often asked to recommend someone who can help with invasive plant ID and removal, design, native plant choices, and even creation of a wildlife garden, pond, and / or meadow.   “The Wildlife Gardener” (Josh Nemeth and Dustin Welch) right here in Cape May County was always my “top of the list” recommendation.  I trusted them to “do right” by their customers.  They knew native plants.  They grew native plants.  They were passionate about wildlife gardening utilizing native plants most important to wildlife.  They understood design, fun plant combos, and which plants would work best in different settings.  And they worked hard!  They created many, many, many gardens and wildlife habitats here in South Jersey for over ten years.

In 2023, Josh Nemeth moved to New Mexico to become the state’s District Resource Manager for the SW Region.  Of course he loves it, working outside, and he liaisons between land users and the state land office.  Then in 2025, Dustin Welch had an opportunity for a full time job with Natural Lands in Cumberland and Salem Counties as their Assistant Preserve Manager.  I was so happy for both of them to have full time jobs, health benefits, and outdoor jobs (something they both excel in).

At the same time, I was at a loss, especially when asked to recommend someone to help with the creation of native plant gardens.  And rightly so.  I have heard far too many horror stories.  I especially love the one where a woman in Avalon (or maybe it was Stone Harbor) lined up a local nursery to re-landscape her property with native plants for butterflies and hummingbirds.  When she returned from her winter quarters she found Butterfly Bush and a ton of other non-natives and even invasive plants covering her property.  And believe you me, she had paid a pretty penny for this redo.  She called the nursery owner and expressed her dismay at all the non-natives and other “junk” plantings.  He replied, “They’re native, they’re everywhere!”  So in his mind he had done nothing wrong!  That is the sad reality.  Business owners are jumping on the band wagon, offering their services, but they are clueless about native plants, habitat gardening, avoiding neonics, etc.  Many even have their crews dig up Milkweed and other native perennials and toss them into the trash.  They plant horrific invasives like Purple Loosestrife and Rugosa Rose (don’t get me started, I just found it planted at a “new” open space park at Norbury’s Landing).  They use leaf blowers, mulch volcanoes, take away leaves, and charge for mountains of icky treated wood mulch, etc.  When done, their landscapes  are dead zones, far from wildlife friendly.

Well, I am thrilled to share that I am no longer at a loss when asked to make a recommendation.  The Wildlife Gardener is BACK!  Dustin and Brittany Welch are now collectively operating as The Wildlife Gardener! They grow native plants on their humble acre in Goshen (Cape May Court House), NJ, for retail sale and restoration plantings. In addition, they offer consulting on wildlife habitat restoration and garden design to benefit the wildlife in your own back yard while conserving soil and water.

Dustin has been with The Wildlife Gardener since 2013; a transplant to Cape May County from Northampton County, PA. Along with Josh Nemeth, they have provided advice, design, and maintenance on many gardens throughout Cape May and surrounding counties. Dustin took over the business in 2023 when Josh and his family moved to New Mexico to pursue public land management. Dustin is an avid birder, moth enthusiast and the muscle of the operation. Now, he is passing the torch to Brittany, as he recently became Assistant Preserve Manager with Natural Lands, stewarding over 10,000 acres in Cumberland and Salem County NJ.

Brittany has worked in the conservation field for over 10 years helping landowners address natural resource challenges with sustainable solutions through conservation planning and stewardship with New Jersey Audubon and the USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service. Her love of native plants stemmed from her first job in college collecting wild seed, propagating plants and maintaining a nursery and seed collection plots through her work with Rhody Native in Kingston RI. She is excited to be stepping into The Wildlife Gardener and returning to her roots while raising their daughter and pursuing a consulting role for native gardeners, farmers, and landowners looking to address resource challenges and transform their properties to benefit wildlife.

Dustin and Brittany were married in June 2022, and welcomed Miss Isla Grace in January 2024. She is the hype ma’am, the greeter at plant sales, and brings the cheer with a little bit of chaos! Together they are embarking on a new season of The Wildlife Gardener with Brittany at the helm and Dustin providing guidance behind the scenes. They look forward to continuing to provide native plants, habitat design and conservation consulting and sharing their journey with the wonderful people of Southern New Jersey.

— The Wildlife Gardener —
To make an appointment for a consultation
please email TheWildlifeGardenerNJ@gmail.com
or call Brittany Welch at 609-706-3279

They post their retail native plant sale days on
Facebook: The Wildlife Gardener
& Instagram: NJWildlifeGardener
These dates are also shared on Pat Sutton’s Gardening Gang alerts!
If social media is not your flavor, they invite you
to reach out to have your name added to their mailing list

They had several sale days in May, with additional dates TBD in June.
They also have sales by private appointment, so if you can’t make a retail sale day but would like to browse their availability, please reach out to schedule a visit!

p.s.  If you have benefited from The Wildlife Gardener and would like to share your story, please add it in the comment section below (include your town and county).

p.p.s.  If you have found a hard-working, knowledgeable person/company to help you incorporate native plants into your landscape, or to help you with invasive plant ID and removal, wildlife garden design, creation, maintenance, wildlife-friendly spring clean-up, etc., please share your experience and their contact information (name, business name, e-mail, cell phone, city, state, and county) in the comment section below, so fellow readers can benefit and also support them.  We really need to “grow” this livelihood (wildlife garden landscaping), don’t we!

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Where Have the Ruby-throated Hummingbirds Gone?

Hi Gang,

Our Red Buckeye in deep shade in our woods was busy with hummingbird activity until it waned.  I took this photo while counting the 80+ flower clusters on our 14-year-old tree on April 25th.

Through April and early May, they were drawn to all the spring-blooming goodies I’ve planted to attract them (Wild Columbine, Red Buckeye, Lyre-leaf Sage, Coral Honeysuckle, Coral Bells, blueberries, and Pinxterbloom Azalea).  If you are new to native plant gardening, be sure to check out my post:

Some Sources of Native Plants, 2025
to learn where you can purchase them!

Since their diet is also made up of soft-bodied insects (the protein they need), they find those “a plenty” in our half-acre of native plants.

This year, by about May 16th Ruby-throated Hummingbird activity dropped off suddenly in our yard.  Until then they were emptying five feeders (with four ounces each) every few days (last year we noticed their disappearance about May 18th).  The average person would think that they were gone (or so it seemed), but we knew better from years and years and years of wildlife gardening experience!

Sure enough, their disappearance around this time of year each spring coincides with the blooming of Japanese Honeysuckle.  Each mid-May through about the 8th or 9th or 10th of June, Ruby-throated Hummingbird sightings drop off abruptly.  Many assume that their hummingbirds have left, but in fact they are very distracted by and feeding on blooming Japanese Honeysuckle instead.

On a cool evening, the sweet scent of Japanese Honeysuckle drifts in my open window.  Yes it is highly invasive, and we’ve removed it and are always on the lookout for seedlings in our woods and elsewhere on our property.  But a mass of it covers the chain link fence that surrounds our backyard.  Because it grows up and over the chain link fence from each of our neighbors’ yards (to either side), we let it be.  It is too mighty a task to remove it.

So, wait patiently until about June 8th, or 9th, or 10th and your Ruby-throated Hummingbirds will be back in force.  Do not let them return to icky, poorly maintained hummingbird feeders.  Keep up your weekly feeder maintenance: cleaning and refilling with fresh solution.

As a long-time naturalist and wildlife gardener, I’ve shared this “quiet hummingbird period” in my Hummingbird Fact Sheet for over 40 years now (point 5 under “Feeder Maintainance,”) but still people are caught by surprise when activity drops way off.

In addition to well-maintained feeders, be sure to provide native nectar plants Ruby-throated Hummingbirds are drawn to, like Foxglove Beardtongue, a great native perennial during the quiet bloom period from late May to mid-June.

If any of your neighbors are swayed to hire one of the Mosquito and Tick Removal companies, speak to them about your hummingbirds and share that the sprays used by these companies impact hummingbirds, the insects they need to feed on, and many, many beneficial insects.  Read my post, “Help! A Private Company is Spraying The Neighbor’s Yard for Mosquitoes.” It contains many more details on this topic.  You might also want to read the excellent article on this topic (“What are Eco-Friendly Ways to Control Backyard Bugs“) that was in the New York Times climate desk on June 4, 2024.

Be sure to read my other Hummingbird POSTS:

Ruby-throated Hummingbird — Part One — SPRING ARRIVAL
Ruby-throated Hummingbirds: How to Attract Them

Happy Wildlife Gardening,
Pat

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Some Sources of Native Plants in 2025

Be sure to offer a wide variety of nectar and host plants from early spring until the frost. This is my fall garden, still going strong with lots of Chocolate Cakes!

Hi Gang,

My list, “Some Sources of Native Plants in 2025,” includes THE BEST sources of native plants that I feel comfortable recommending.  So, check it out and visit websites and facebook pages to learn of each of their hours and 2025 offerings!  Consider yourselves very, very fortunate that there are so many sources of native plants.   That was NOT the case when I began planting natives in the late 1970s and 1980s, or even in the 1990s or early 2000s!

You will find my 6-page “Some Sources of Native Plants in 2025” at the end of this post, 2nd Edition (05-01-25).

To help people find the top ranked plants in their county Doug Tallamy, author of Bringing Nature Home, has worked with National Wildlife Federation’s Native Plant Finder (a work in progress).

A number of websites have searchable Native Plant Databases with filters to help you generate lists of plants suited for various sites on your property.  Some of my favorites follow:  Prairie Nursery, Prairie Moon Nursery, Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center, and Jersey-Friendly Yards Website  which has filters for “native plants only” (@ 318), wildlife value, region, ecoregion (barrier island/coastal, Pinelands), deer resistant, drought tolerance, salt tolerance, and many more filters.  Have at it and see what may work in your yard!

PLEASE NOTE: many native plant nurseries are not like the nursery down the road. Often they are owned, maintained, and run by a caring native plant grower who is surviving by also working a 2nd job or sometimes even a 2nd full-time job that covers their health insurance and most of their income. This being the case, they are not available 24-7 to answer all your questions. But when they are open or hosting a pop-up sale, they eagerly and gladly share their knowledge and will guide you towards the best native plants for your site. These same growers collect their own local native seeds or cuttings (they do not dig up from the wild), and they do not use systemic Neonicotinoid Insecticides that would cancel out future generations of butterflies and moths (more on Neonics below). So, don’t panic when their milkweeds have aphids; but instead realize that if there are no aphids, it means the grower has spent hours hand picking them off. Know too that growing from seed can be a lengthy process. The Turk’s-Cap Lily, Lilium superbum, that I purchased from Clemenson Farms Native Nursery in 2014 (now a patch of 44 stalks a/o May 2024) took the Clemensons 8 years to grow out from seed to plant that could be sold. Understand too, that some natives are slow to break ground in spring so are not going to be available during early-season sales: milkweeds, Partridge Pea, and Joe-pye-weed to name a few.

Once hooked on wildlife gardening with native plants, it can be a real challenge to find native plants.  Yes a few have been mainstreamed, and the nursery down the street may carry them.  But BEWARE OF CULTIVARS OF NATIVE PLANTS.  Cultivars are plants created or selected for specific characteristics such as early blooming or color, often at the expense of nectar, berries (the plants may be sterile), and sometimes even the leaf chemistry is changed so the plant can no longer be used as a caterpillar plant.  We (wildlife gardeners) want the nectar, the berries, and we want the leaf chemistry intact so our butterflies can create the next generation!

That said, some straight natives might be ill behaved and total thugs, overwhelming other plants in your garden and leading to hours and hours spent thinning them every single year.  This is the case with Cutleaf Coneflower.  In 2009, a friend shared a cultivar of this plant with me (Cutleaf Coneflower, Rudbeckia lacinata “Herbstsonne,”) that is a Chocolate Cake, always full of pollinators, and not a thug at all because it is sterile.  I’ve raved about my Cutleaf Coneflower for years, many have planted the straight native, and been frazzled by its rambunctious wanderings.

Be careful too that your plants are Neonicotinoid free.  Neonicotinoids are systemic (get into every part of the plant, including pollen, nectar, even dew) pesticides that are applied to many commercially-available nursery plants and are harmful to bees, caterpillars, moths, butterflies, and other beneficial pollinators.

Speak up when you purchase plants.  Ask if the nursery uses Neonicotinoid Insecticides. If they don’t know what you are talking about, it sounds like a nursery to avoid. If they proudly share that they do not use Neonicotinoid Insecticides (verbally and/or on their website), they are a nursery “in the know” and a nursery to support. The Xerces Society’s publication, “Protecting Pollinators from Pesticides: Buying Bee-Safe Plants,” addresses asking nurseries these important questions and is available HERE.  There is a complimentary Xerces Society publication for nurseries, “Offering Bee-Safe Plants: A Guide for Nurseries,” available HERE.  Let nurseries you frequent know about it.  If you find that any of the nurseries on my list are “in the dark” and still using Neonicotinoids, please alert me ! ! ! 

Around the world steps are being taken to protect pollinators from neonics. In 2018, the European Union voted to completely ban all outdoor uses of three types of neonics (citing their impacts to honey bees). Canada followed suit, planning to phase out all outdoor use of three specific neonics in 3-5 years (2021-2023) because of impacts to aquatic ecosystems. In 2016 Connecticut became the first state in the nation to restrict the use of neonicotinoids when the legislature unanimously passed An Act Concerning Pollinator Health (banning sales of neonics for use by general consumers in backyard garden settings). Soon after, Maryland passed a similar bill that restricts the sale of neonics and bans their use by consumers.  And in January 2022, New Jersey became the 6th state to pass a similar bill to save pollinators by classifying bee-killing neonicotinoids (also known as neonics) as restricted use pesticides.

Educate yourself about Neonics by reading the following:

  1. Xerces Society’s “Protecting Bees From Neonicotinoids in Your Garden, 2nd version (includes list of products with neonics in them).”
  2. Xerces Society’s How Neonicotinoids Can Kill Bees, the Science Behind the Role These Insecticides Play in Harming Bees (in-depth study, 2nd Edition)
  3. Xerces Society’s “Neonicotinoid Movement in the Environment” POSTER (how neonics move through the landscape and are being found even where they were not used)
  4. American Bird Conservancy’s  Neonicotinoid Insecticides Harm The Little Creatures, including how 90 percent of food samples taken from Congressional cafeterias contain neonicotinoid insecticides (highly toxic to birds and other wildlife) .

HUGE IINSECT DIE-OFF / INSECT APOCALYPSE

  1. ‘A car “splatometer” study finds huge insect die-off’
    Nov. 13, 2019, by Damian Carrington, Environmental Editor, The Guardian
    Measuring how many bugs fly into car windshields might sound silly. But to scientists predicting an “insect apocalypse,” the numbers are deadly serious.
  2. ‘Insect apocalypse’ poses risk to all life on Earth, conservationists warn        Feb. 12, 2020, by Damian Carrington, Environmental Editor, The Guardian
  3. The Insect Crisis, The Fall of the Tiny Empires That Run the World, by Oliver Milman. 2022. A devastating examination of how collapsing insect populations worldwide threaten everything from wild birds to the food on our plate.

BIRDS ARE VANISHING

  1. “Birds are Vanishing from North America”
    The number of birds in the United States and Canada has declined by 2.9 billion, or 29 percent, over the past 50 years (1970-2019), scientists find (Science, 2019).
  2. “A Neonicotinoid Insecticide Reduces Fueling and Delays Migration in Songbirds,” by Margaret Eng, Bridget Stutchbury, Christy Morrissey.  Science, 13 September 2019, Vol. 365, Issue 6458, pp. 1177-1180.

WHAT WE CAN DO

Here are just a few of the things that each and every one of us can do:

1. Plant NATIVES, especially Keystone Species (read Doug Tallamy’s books to understand what Keystone Species are).  If you live in the East,  the “Eastern Temperate Forests – Ecoregion 8″ plant list should be the backbone of your plantings!  If you live elsewhere, chose your Ecoregion HERE for your list of Keystone Species.

2. Ask nurseries you frequent if their native plants have been treated with Neonicotinoids (see Xerces Society’s document, “Protecting Pollinators from Pesticides: Buying Bee-Safe Plants,” for tips and how to ask these important questions) . If they don’t know, ask them to find out. If the answer is yes, don’t purchase and explain why, that Neonics are hazardous to the wildlife you are trying to attract and benefit.

3. Leave fallen leaves on the ground: they are full of insect life, they protect tree and shrub and perennial roots, they break down and naturally nourish your soil, and they prevent erosion. Listen to Doug Tallamy’s talk about his latest book, The Nature of Oaks (search youtube Doug Tallamy Nature of Oaks), and learn that oak leaves are the BEST fallen leaves to LEAVE on the ground because it takes them so long to break down (3 years or more). All that time (3+ years) they are providing for an abundance of LIFE that needs fallen leaves to survive. Heather Holm calls these leaves “Soft Landings” for the many caterpillars feeding on the tree above to land in and then nestle down into as they metamorphose into the next life stage before emerging as an adult butterfly or moth the following year.   To truly preserve the life in leaf litter do not mow it / mulch it (that would chop up all that life using it).

4. DO NOT USE Pesticides (including Organic – they KILL too) or Herbicides or synthetic Fertilizers

5. Turn outdoor lights OFF at night (use motion sensor lights instead)

6. Remove as many invasive plants as possible on your property

7. Share some of your native “Chocolate Cake” perennial divisions (that are also Keystone Species: Asters and Goldenrods, for example) with others to help get them hooked

8. Read and give Doug Tallamy’s books (Bringing Nature Home, Nature’s Best Hope, The Nature of Oaks, and How Can I Help?: Saving Nature with Your Yard) to family members, friends, co-workers, neighbors.

9. If you ever have a chance to hear Doug Tallamy speak, BE THERE and bring your neighbor, friend, family member, landscaper, lawn care service worker so they can learn to speak the same language. In the meantime Google “YouTube videos (or podcasts) Doug Tallamy” and you’ll have dozens to choose from, many of which are keynote talks he’s given about the importance of insects, native plants, fallen leaves, and much more. Watch Doug Tallamy’s presentations and what you learn may change your life and/or the way you view life. Share video links with neighbors, friends, family members, co-workers.

10. Read and give Heather Holm’s books about beneficial pollinators (Pollinators of Native Plants; Bees, An Identification and Native Plant Forage Guide; and Wasps, Their Biology, Diversity, and Role as Beneficial Insects and Pollinators of Native Plants) to family members, friends, co-workers, and neighbors to help you (and others) understand beneficial pollinators. You’ll learn key practices like leaving stem stubble during spring garden clean up and standing dead trees (these stems and dead trees provide pollinator nesting sites), utilize fallen branches and tree trunks to line garden or woodland paths (ditto: potential nest sites), leave fallen leaves, and avoid too much hardscaping, mulching, and turf so that ground-nesting pollinators have safe places to nest.

Some Sources of NATIVE PLANTS: 2025
 by Patricia Sutton
click here for the 6-page printable pdf
2025: 2nd Edition (5-1-25)

 

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Ruby-throated Hummingbirds: How to Attract Them

Ruby-throated Hummingbird at Coral Honeysuckle, a GREAT native spring nectar source that often reblooms all summer long

Hi Gang,

Ruby-throated Hummingbirds are migrating north! Yesterday, April 4, 2026, two were spotted by wildlife gardeners in Cape May County, NJ!

So, I scrambled to get ready for returning hummingbirds (make hummingbird solution, fill a few feeders, and place them strategically where they could easily be seen by hummingbirds and from inside our house).

You can monitor Ruby-throated Hummingbird migration north (AND enter your own sightings) on the 2026 Hummingbird Central  map and on the  Journey North  map.  When you go to each of these sites,  be sure to set the date for these migration maps to 2026.

Ruby-throated Hummingbirds have been surging north from their wintering grounds (northern Panama and Costa Rica, north to southern Mexico) since mid-February and March.  They will steadily move north with each good migration weather day, the opening of important nectar plants, and warm enough days with insect life.

Native nectar sources that I planted for hummingbirds and other pollinators will soon bloom: Coral Honeysuckle, Wild Columbine, and Red Buckeye to name a few.

Why Feeders?

You might wonder why I recommend putting out a hummingbird feeder, which is obviously an artificial nectar source. When hummingbirds arrive, my garden is still dirt! Without well-maintained feeders, “on-the-move” Ruby-throated Hummingbirds will keep going.  Nothing much is in bloom.

Why More Than 1 Feeder?

In spring, once hummingbirds have arrived I have a total of 6-8 feeders scattered around our yard, so that returning males (they migrate first) can’t take control of our entire wildlife habitat. I want females to settle in too and consider nesting in our yard. I’ll space the feeders out. I put one feeder on each end of my front porch (and enjoy them from the front porch rockers). I hang one from a shepherd’s hook on our back porch, easily viewed from the kitchen and sunroom. I hang one from the arbor into our perennial garden. I hang one from a tree limb at the back of our garden. And I hang one at the back of our woods.  This way females will have options, places to set up their own territory and nest in our yard, away from bossy, territorial males (who DO NOT share, even with females they’ve mated with).  When activity picks up I add two more, one outside my office window and one outside our screened porch.

The Proper Solution for a Hummingbird Feeder

The solution I use (that is most like nectar) is 1 part sugar and 4 parts water. I make a quart at a time and refrigerate what’s left. I’ll only put two ounces into each feeder in the spring (and in late fall) because use is light and the last thing any of us want to do is waste sugar (sugar cane fields are gobbling up important habitat). I mark my calendar so that each week, like clockwork, I empty and clean the feeders with hot soapy water, then rinse them with boiling water, and then put in 2 ounces of fresh solution (when temperatures heat up, I clean the feeders every 3 days).  NO red dye is necessary; the feeders have enough bright red parts to attract hummers and red dye is cancer causing (and outlawed in many countries).  Hummingbirds have long tongues and can easily reach the 2 ounces of solution.  I don’t fill the feeders with more solution until activity gets crazy and that doesn’t happen until young are on the wing and during migration when so many birds are tanking up and moving through our habitat.

Keep an eye on Journey North’s Ruby-throated Hummingbird MAP  and on Hummingbird Central’s MAP to see their movement north so you are ready for them.

The site I recommended for 23 years, Hummingbirds.Net, is still available.  On this site you can view 23 years of spring migration maps (1996-2018) for Ruby-throated Hummingbirds, but there have been no LIVE maps since 2018. The creator of this great website is no longer able to maintain it because of technical (and expensive) changes (his explanation can be read at the top of the page HERE).

If you are a new wildlife gardener, be sure to also provide:

  1. a pesticide-free property (since hummingbirds also feast on soft-bodied insects and spiders)
  2. a habitat filled with native perennials, trees, shrubs, and vines that provide nectar attractive to hummingbirds from spring thru late fall!

Some Sources of Native Plants in 2025

We are so fortunate to have a number of native plant sales and reputable nurseries in this region.   Be sure to support them.  You’ll find my latest list of :  “Some Sources of Native Plants: 2025“.

All About Ruby-Throated Hummingbirds

To read more about Ruby-throated Hummingbirds check out my additional post below.  You may also want to print my Ruby-throated Hummingbird Fact Sheet (the reverse side covers Hummingbird Feeder maintenance and gardening for hummingbird info).

Ruby-throated Hummingbirds – Part One: They’re Back

  • my favorite hummingbird feeder (nature centers sell them, as does Amazon)
  • spring nectar plants that have worked for me in the Mid-Atlantic Region to lure hummingbirds to settle in and nest in your yard.

Ruby-throated Hummingbirds – Part Two: Summer Nectar – COMING WHEN I CAN CATCH MY BREATH:

  • summer nectar for the Mid-Atlantic Region including many natives and a few non-natives (that are not problematic).
  • proper feeder maintenance during the heat of summer
  • the importance of insects
  • places to bathe

Happy Wildlife Gardening,  Pat

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Rainfall, How Much ?

Hi Gang,

As a wildlife gardener I’ve been tuned in to droughts and how they affect wildlife, wildlife gardens, and nectar and host plants in natural areas. Last summer’s heat dome and endless drought resulted in many of the Chocolate Cake nectar plants in my garden blooming all too quickly and going to seed, long before normal.  Forget natural areas where no one was wetting down native nectar and host plants.  They were crisped beyond recognition.  Vernal ponds are wet in the winter and early spring, then dry out by summer. Many of our vernal ponds were dry this past winter, resulting in salamanders having no place to breed. Salamanders seek these seasonally wet sites for breeding because they are fish free (fish are primary predators of salamanders and their young). Overwintering butterflies and moths in the egg, caterpillar, or chrysalis/pupa form become desiccated during lengthy stretches without rainfall. There are many, many other examples of wildlife suffering during long periods of drought.

Even native plants are affected during long periods of drought. Southern NJ has been in EXTREME DROUGHT for some time now: 2024-2025.

In 2024 my wildlife garden was on a number of wildlife garden tours. I love to share my wildlife gardens and all the wildlife they attract! But last year’s drought took the joy right out of those tours. Clay and I spent all of our free time watering, so some of our native plants would be alive to benefit pollinators and other wildlife. We did what we could, watering in triage the parts of our 1/2 acre property that were suffering the worst. It was a never ending effort. Even native trees and shrubs were dying. The garden tours were full of excited native plant gardeners and they saw lots, but they did not see the abundance I am used to and that was painful to me. During the tours I, of course, put on a smile and showcased what was surviving in our gardens and the wildlife there, but know that it was hard to be joyful when our area was being brutalized by a heat dome coupled with unending drought.

As of March 11th, southern NJ (all of Cape May, Atlantic, and much of Cumberland County) is still in EXTREME DROUGHT (that is a step beyond SEVERE DROUGHT) as you can see from the latest U.S. Drought Monitor Map (above). To follow this drought click here (updated each Thursday): Drought Monitor Map for the U.S.   You can zero in on our area, the Northeast, here: Drought Monitor Map for the Northeast.   In each you can see that southern NJ stands out like a bright RED sore thumb (Extreme Drought).

I have been curious about the rainfall in my garden for years. I’d talk with friends only a couple of miles away who were inundated with rain the night before, when all we got was a sprinkle. So, you can imagine how excited I was to learn about and become part of the “Community Collaborative Rain, Hail and Snow Network (CoCoRaHS)” in October 2013. CoCoRaHS is made up of “Volunteers working together to measure precipitation across the nations” (US, Canada, and the Bahamas).

I submit my rainfall (or snowfall) each morning at 7:00 am from my official CoCoRaHS Rain Gauge. When I travel I am able to submit the cumulative rainfall when I return. If you live in NJ, my garden is CoCoRaHS Station Number NJ-CM-29.  Check it out!

Rainfall — How Much?
Learn exactly how much rainfall
your garden enjoyed
by joining CoCoRaHS
(Community Collaborative Rain, Hail and Snow Network)

Click HERE to learn about CoCoRaHS
(you’ll find links to “sign up”
as a CoCoRaHS Volunteer Observer here too)

The only cost to you will be the purchase of
a CoCoRaHS Rain Gauge
(you can donate to CoCoRaHS annually too
if you’d like; I always do)

Here is an explanation about acceptable rain gauges for CoCoRaHS:
CoCoRaHS Rain Gauge.

Here is where you can order your CoCoRaHS Rain Gauge. Mine is the 3rd one across, “The Official original CoCoRaHS gauge,” but I see there is one other acceptable gauge now, the TROPO Gauge – the official premium CoCoRaHS gauge.

Happy Wildlife Gardening,

Pat

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Backyard Birds Attracted to a Wildlife Habitat

Hi Gang,

I enjoyed sharing my program “Backyard Birds Attracted to a Wildlife Habitat” for Jenkins Arboretum via ZOOM (so it was available to all, near & far) on February 20, 2025! And it was FREE! And I gave permission for Jenkins Arboretum to record it. I’ll share full details further down in this post, but first let me gush a bit about Jenkins Arboretum and how excited I was to present a program for them.

Some of my favorite natives in our itty-bitty restored woodlands (1/3rd of our 1/2 acre property) came from Jenkins Arboretum, propagated on-site by staff and terrific volunteers from natives in their own landscape and sold in their Garden Shop.

My heart sings when Pinxterbloom Azalea, Rhododendron periclymenoides, blooms, a South Jersey native, but one that I could not find available for sale at any of the South Jersey native plant nurseries I knew of in 2009 (when we saved our woods from Multiflora Rose and Japanese Honeysuckle). So I am forever grateful to Jenkins Arboretum for this shrub.

For the first eleven years my Pinxterbloom Azalea did not bloom and, quite frankly, I forgot I’d even planted it. But then on March 30, 2021, a shrub I didn’t recognize with large, showy buds caught my eye. I stopped in my tracks, thinking “What the heck!” I found my plant sign near its base and recalled my purchase. I kept an eye on it. On April 22nd the buds were getting close to blooming, but one-by-one the stems (and buds) were disappearing (cleanly sliced off). I quickly realized why I’d lost track of this shrub. Our abundant rabbits, who must think we’ve planted everything for them, had been repeatedly pruning this shrub of its buds (resulting in no flowers of course). That day I gathered reinforcements and circled my brutalized azalea with chicken wire (1.5′ high). April 29th flowers finally bloomed on my Pinxterbloom Azalea. Now, each spring, I eagerly and with child-like wonder look forward to these big, showy pink blooms, always busy with pollinators, and now occurring on multiple branches safely within my ugly chicken wire protection.

 

So, when Jenkins Arboretum invited me to present a program for their Third Thursday Lecture Series, I eagerly agreed. And I gave Jenkins Arboretum & Gardens permission to record this program and add it to their You Tube Channel as an educational video.  Details follow:

“Backyard Birds Attracted to a Wildlife Habitat,”
by Pat Sutton

was presented on February 20, 2025

Via ZOOM for Jenkins Arboretum and Gardens
as part of their “Third Thursday Lecture Series.”

Click HERE to see a recording of the program
and Jenkins Arboretum & Gardens’ links to additional great information

Click HERE for Pat Sutton’s Backyard Birds HANDOUT
This handout should answer questions you may have after viewing this program; it shares some of my favorite books, resources, tools, protection measures, etc. that I include in the program.

ABOUT THE PROGRAM: Create it and they will come! Pat Sutton will share accounts of the diverse wildlife attracted to the South Jersey wildscape she and her husband have nurtured for over 45 years. They have tallied over 213 bird species, 79 butterfly species, and 116 other pollinators (37 different wasps, 34 different flies, 26 different bees, 10 different beetles, and 10 different diurnal moths) in their tiny one-half-acre wildlife oasis. How’d they do it? By questioning each practice as to whether it would help or harm wildlife. Get tips on creating a backyard habitat that benefits wildlife.

ABOUT JENKINS ARBORETUM: I’ve included Jenkins Arboretum’s offerings in my “Some Sources of Native Plants” for a number of years. If you live near there and haven’t visited yet, by all means do. And if it means a road trip, I promise you that it will be worth your while. Jenkins Arboretum & Gardens, 631 Berwyn Baptist Road, Devon, PA 19333 (Chester Co.); 610-647-8870. Garden Shop (open daily: 9 am – 4 pm) sells a wonderful selection of native seeds year round and, from mid-April until late October, also sells a great selection of native perennials, shrubs, trees, and evergreen & deciduous azaleas (most all are propagated on-site at Jenkins). Check their website for their regularly updated “Plant Inventory List.” See native plants in the landscape by visiting this 48-acre arboretum and gardens with 7 different trails (each about 1/4 mile or less). Garden map & trail descriptions can be found HERE. Open daily year round (hours vary seasonally, depending on when the sun sets): March 15 – April 30 (9 am – 7 pm), May 1 – August 31 (9 am – 8 pm), September 1 – 30 (9 am – 7 pm), and October 1 – March 14 (9 am – 5 pm). FREE admission, donations recommended.

Happy Wildlife Gardening,
Pat